@Chris B ... I think someone upthread said it but I'll say it again since it seems to be what is befuddling folks.

In the US, one HEARS "I'v got" for "I have", and "I'v got to" or "I got to" (gotta) for "I must/I have to". Oddly, yu won't find it written out much that way ... at least not beyond chats and maybe some forums. Folks often switch to "I have" when writing and benote "gotten" as the ppl.

What yu don't hear (much) in the US, is "I have got" for "I have". In speech, the contraction is said. I think is owing to "I'v got" and "I got" are so near in sound and often, in context, mean the same thing. ...

John often forgets a book and leaves it in the house. In the car, Mom says, "Do yu hav yur book?" ... "Yes, I'v got it." ... He could hav as eathly said, "I got it" meaning that he got it on the way out.

It helps that "gotten" is still brooked in the US. Then it becomes clearer. "Hav yu gotten the book that yu ordered?" ... If yu say "Hav yu got?" then its unclear whether yu asking "Do yu hav it?" or "Did yu get it?"

@joeydq ... I think yu'r right. I would never teach "I have got" aside from being a colloquialism that the learner needs to be aware of.

@Becky ... Yu'r joking right? Immutable? That's just a bit "pretentious" don't yu think? That word as snob written all over it. Just who the heck would put "immutable" or the mouthful-of-syllables (and dull) "uncompromising" in stead of "set in stone"?

There's nothing wrong with the syntax. It flows fine with the verb "is". The driving word is "one" not "rules". If yu read the sentence out loud as written with "are", it should grate on yu; it should make yu shudder. I had trouble forcing myself to say "are".

"Is" is right.

@black jayles ... there were many words for "government" and "rule" in OE/ME that hav fallen out. Wield was one of them. On philosophical grounds, I would naysay it for "government" owing to I don't believe that gov't should "rule" or "wield" over the folk.

wield - O.E. weldan (Mercian), wieldan, wealdan (W.Saxon) "to govern, possess, have control over" (class VII strong verb; past tense weold, pp. gewealden), merged with weak verb wyldan, both from P.Gmc. *wal-t- (cf. O.S., Goth. waldan, O.Fris. walda "to govern, rule", O.N. valda "to rule, wield, to cause", O.H.G. waltan, Ger. walten "to rule, govern"), probably from PIE *waldh-, from base *wal- "to be strong, to rule". The PIE root is also the root of valiant thru Latin.

OE weald (wield) yields:
Brytenwealda m. - wielder of Britain, Bretwalda, chief king.
burhwealda m. - burgess
eallwealda - I. all-ruling, almighty. II. m. God, the Almighty.
eallwealdend m. - ruler of all, (all-wielder)
eallwealdende - 'all-wielding,' all ruling
handgeweald n. - power, possession
oferwealdan - to get the better of, to lord over (over-wield)
oferwealdend m. - over-lord, ruler
onweald - I. mfn. authority, power, rule, sway, command; jurisdiction, territory
II. adj. mighty, powerful. ['onwald'/'anwald' in ME]
onwealda m. - ruler, governor, sovereign: the Lord, God.
onwealdend m. - ruler.
+onwealdian (an-) - to have dominion over, get possession of
onwealdig - powerful.
onwealdnes f. power, possession
sundoranweald m. - single authority (also sunder-anweald)
ðrymwealdend - I. adj. all-ruling. II. m. lord of glory.
ungewilde (y) - not subject to, independent of; untamed, unbridled. [geweald] [[listed as "+weald"]]
+weald n. - might, power: control, command, dominion. his gewealdes of his own accord, intentionally: protection: subjection.
±wealdan - to rule, control, determine, direct, command, govern, possess; wield (a weapon), exercise: cause, bring about.
+wealden - I. adj. subject (to), easily controlled: inconsiderable, small.
II. adv. moderately.
wealdend (a) - I. m. leader, controller, ruler, lord, king (often of God).
II. f. female ruler.
±wealdende - ruling, powerful.
Wealdendfæder m. - Heavenly Father.
+wealdendlîce - powerfully
+wealdenmôd - self-controlled
wealdes (usu. +) - of one's own accord
wealdgenga m. - robber, thief
±wealdleðer n. - rein, bridle
wealdmoru = wêalmoru [[redirected to "wealhmoru"]] wealdnes (a) f. rule
wealdung f. - government, rule.

I saw this post on a blog:

This kind of detail of English is really interesting. Mainly for non native speakers. Nice thing in that is how easy is assume it’s meaning.
Queenlessness… I would never thing this word would be used to say something about a beehive. Firstly I would try something like a monarchy in mourning. Best wishes from Brazil!

English is highly bendsome (flexible) with forefasts, afterfasts (prefixes and suffixes), and noun kenning (compounding). There is overlap among the Anglo, Latin, Greek, and even German ones that can give rise to befuddlement as to which one to benote.

Sunward is already in the wordbook. As a sci-fi reader, moonward is known to me as well. If you want to make sun a proper noun (Sun), then Sunward would be fine. The -ward afterfast also means facing, so praying flameward makes sense.

-worthy
*of sufficient worth for
*suitable or safe for  
*able to be, fit to be, -able

Thus "the water is unswimworthy" meaning "not safe to swim in" works.

In the case of Paris-ward, I would put the hyphen in. Not required, but it helps to break it up for reading. Sometimes in unusual combination, it is better to put a hyphen in. FWIW, I would more likely say, "The snowstorm is New York bound." (or New York-bound)

I'm not catholic so I don't hav a dog in this fight so to speak. I'm only looking at for understanding and if it is eath to read and say.

Along those lines, "maker of heaven and earth, of all that is seen and unseen" is much better than "maker of heaven and earth, of all things visible and invisible."

"When supper ended, He took the cup,” now reads, “In a similar way, when supper was ended, He took this precious chalice ..." This is better?

Same goes for "one in Being with the Father" rather than "consubstantial with the Father". Consubstantial? What buffoon thought that was more unbecloudy?

http://www.kentucky.com/2011/11/11/1955625/english-language-mass-to-change.html

The -'s ending in English is leftover of the Anglo-Saxon genitiv case and in Modern English is only used to show possession in byspels like John's car.

"Of" is a preposition that has many uses ... "walls of wood" does not mean that the walls belong to the wood, it just shows a relationship between the two. Therefore, Joan of Arc does not mean that Joan belongs to Arc, it's just showing "a" relationship between the two but it's not a possessiv one so therefore one doesn't write "Arc's Joan".

^^^That should be "increased" ... mac or not, I'm the king of typos!

@Ængelfolc ... dream is good for what happens in yur sleep. A vision is sunder. A vision may come to yu in yur dreams or it may come to yu while yu'r awake so there needs to be another word for it and sweven works. It's not for the actual vision of eyesight ... that is sight/eyesight.

Lude also shows kinship. It has the same root as loud, alt spellings for lude were loude, lood, luid (Scots)

Lude

The other spelling for gauge is gage ... and that's the one that I brook.

For aunt: from O.Fr. ante, from L. amita "paternal aunt". After the Norman French Takover it became aunte in ME when spelling was erratic. The Old English words were faðe, faðu (father's sister) and môdrige, môdrie (mother's sister).